Research Chemical Designation & Liability
Compounds indexed in the MinMaxMuscle archive are strictly for laboratory research and development. They are NOT approved for human consumption. Theoretical dosing data is aggregated from clinical literature and must not be construed as medical instruction. Professional medical consultation is mandatory prior to any research application.
SS-31
Longevity
Molecular Dossier
- Rank Index: 25
- Status: Phase 2 Clinical
- What does this mean?
- Molecular Structure: D-Arg-dimethyl-Tyr-Lys-Phe-NH2
About SS-31
SS-31 (also called Elamipretide, Bendavia, MTP-131) is a 4-amino-acid mitochondrial-targeted peptide (D-Arg-2',6'-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2) that improves mitochondrial membrane potential and reduces oxidative stress. Originally developed for acute myocardial infarction, cardioplegia protection, and heart failure. Phase 2b AFFORD-CHF trial (2023–2024) enrolled 231 HFpEF patients and showed significant functional improvement and reduced symptoms. Phase 2b PROGRESS-HF trial (decompensated heart failure) is ongoing as of May 2026. The mechanism is unique: SS-31 crosses the outer mitochondrial membrane via a (d)Arg-rich cell-penetrating peptide motif, localizes to the inner membrane, and stabilizes cardiolipin — preventing ROS generation and ATP depletion during ischemia. As of 2026, cardiac protection is the primary clinical focus, but preclinical data suggest systemic mitochondrial benefit relevant to aging, neurodegeneration, and metabolic disease. Parenteral administration (intravenous or subcutaneous). Cardiovascular outcomes trials are expanding. FDA breakthrough therapy designation was granted in 2023 for acute heart failure.
Clinical Focus
Mitochondrial Function
Archival Aliases
Elamipretide, Bendavia, MTP-131, D-Arg-2'6'-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the strict legal and safety limitations for research-grade peptides?
All products listed in this research database are intended solely for laboratory research purposes and are not for human or animal consumption, diagnostic, or therapeutic use. As a researcher, it is your responsibility to ensure that all experimental protocols comply with local and federal regulations. These compounds are provided in lyophilized form to maintain chemical stability and must be handled by qualified professionals in a controlled environment. Any use outside of a supervised laboratory setting is strictly prohibited and violates the intended research application of these materials.
What are the potential risks of improper peptide handling in a research environment?
Improper handling of peptides can lead to rapid degradation, loss of potency, or chemical contamination. Exposure to high temperatures, direct sunlight, or physical agitation (shaking the vial) can break the delicate peptide bonds, rendering the research sample useless for data collection. Furthermore, using non-sterile solvents or failing to maintain a cold chain during transport can introduce bacterial pathogens. Researchers must prioritize aseptic techniques and precise reconstituting protocols to ensure the integrity of the experimental results and the longevity of the research material.
What is the target organelle for SS-31 (Elamipretide)?
SS-31 targets the inner mitochondrial membrane, specifically binding to cardiolipin. This interaction stabilizes the cristae structure and optimizes the electron transport chain efficiency, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) leakage and preserving cellular energy production under ischemic stress.
What is the role of Cardiolipin in SS-31 (Elamipretide) mitochondrial repair?
SS-31 targets the inner mitochondrial membrane where it binds specifically to cardiolipin. Cardiolipin is essential for the structure of mitochondrial cristae and the function of the electron transport chain. By stabilizing cardiolipin, SS-31 reduces ROS production and restores ATP synthesis in dysfunctional mitochondria.
Clinical Data Matrix
| Parameter | Clinical Value |
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight | D-Arg-dimethyl-Tyr-Lys-Phe-NH2 |
| Primary Pathway | Longevity |
| Research Phase | Phase 2 Clinical |
Clinical Pros
- Highly selective receptor modulation
- Documented efficacy in Phase II trials
- Minimal systemic cross-reactivity
Research Limitations
- Limited long-term human data
- Strict storage and reconstitution requirements
- Potential for acute homeostatic feedback loops
Community Discussion
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Data Verified: 2026-05-07